China’s Pacific Reach to Spur U.S. Spending on Anti-Sub Warfare

China’s naval expansion in the eastern Pacific is poised to accelerate U.S. investment in anti- submarine warfare equipment, according to Ultra Electronics Holdings Plc, the world’s biggest supplier of sonar detectors.

The Pentagon and its allies will focus spending on devices able to spot subs even in the noisiest shipping lanes as China’s naval build-up heightens tensions with neighboring nations and underscores the need to secure commercial shipping flows, Ultra Chief Executive Officer Rakesh Sharma said in an interview.

“Even with global defense cuts the sonar business is expanding,” Sharma said. “Mineral supplies and commodities, for example, are all transported by sea, so it’s becoming imperative to protect trade routes. Australia, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines, as well as the U.S., will all start investing in anti-submarine warfare as the possible threat from China grows.”

President Barack Obama said last week he’d station 2,500 marines in north Australia to boost security in vital sea lanes as the U.S. moves to blunt the naval influence of China, which will add 30 subs through 2020 out of 86 likely to be built for Asia-Pacific fleets, according to defense researcher IHS Jane’s.

Ultra’s latest technology employs multiple “sonobuoys” which are dropped from a ship or plane and return data from different angles and frequencies to determine whether an object is a submarine, a rock or a whale, Sharma said. Earlier versions couldn’t differentiate between organic and inorganic materials.

Greenford, England-based Ultra is developing sonars geared to Asia-Pacific operations at a unit in Indiana, the CEO said. Emitting more powerful acoustic pulses, they can spot submarine signatures in the most sound-polluted waters, including the Malacca Strait -- the main channel between the Pacific and Indian oceans -- and the South China Sea, where oil rights have led to standoffs between China, Vietnam and the Philippines.

Other gear is able to detect variations in temperature and salinity that can help hide even nearby vessels, Sharma said.

“Water is a very good insulator and when a submarine is sitting on the seabed not moving for days it’s very difficult to identify,” he said. “You could have a sub sitting 5 kilometers off your ship and never hear it, or one 20 kilometers away that you can easily detect. It isn’t related to the distance the sub is from you, but the way the sound is travelling.”

U.S. concern about Chinese capabilities began to increase in 2006, when a diesel-powered Song-class attack submarine surfaced undetected within torpedo range of a naval battle group led by the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk, Sharma said.

China already has 60 submarines, including eight that are nuclear powered, according to the International Institute for Strategic Studies in London, and has been conducting sea trials with its first carrier, a reconditioned former-Soviet vessel.

China’s military upgrades have also reduced the likelihood of a “peaceful resolution” to tensions with Taiwan, according to a draft of a report from the congressionally mandated U.S.- China Economic and Security Review Commission released last month.

The U.S. is a guarantor of Taiwan’s security, and has defense treaties with the Philippines and Thailand.

Japan and South Korea are also among nations looking at anti-submarine systems, said Simon Wezeman, a researcher for the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute’s Arms Transfers Program, while Asia-Pacific nations will procure about 100 maritime-patrol planes and 100 marine helicopters this decade, most of them sonar-equipped, according to IHS Jane’s.

Malaysia and Vietnam have submarines on order, and Indonesia is in talks with Korea’s Daewoo Shipbuilding to buy three 1,400-ton vessels costing 1.2 trillion won ($1.1 billion).

Ultra is already supplying sonar systems for Australian air-warfare and anti-submarine destroyers being upgraded by Lockheed Martin Corp. and for Boeing Co. P8 Poseidon planes, slated for service entry with the U.S. Navy in 2013 and equipped with torpedoes, depth-charges and anti-ship missiles.

The U.K. company generated 68 million pounds ($107 million) of revenue from its sonar division in the first half, equal to 20 percent of the total, making the business the company’s second-biggest after defense communication and computer systems.

Other units supply equipment for warplanes and airliners, with 50 percent of revenue coming from North America.

American Lewis Nixon invented a sonar-like listening device in 1906, with the first patent for underwater echo-ranging filed in Britain in 1912, a month after the Titanic struck an iceberg that had been detected visually less than 40 seconds previously.

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What is asbestos and how can it affect you?

Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous material that has been a popular building material since the 1950s. It is used as an insulator (to keep in heat and keep out cold), has good fire protection properties and protects against corrosion.

If you own, occupy, manage or have responsibilities for non-domestic premises which may contain asbestos, or if you are responsible for the non-private, ie common parts of domestic premises like hall and lift areas in flats, you will either have a legal duty to manage the risk from this material; or a duty to co-operate with whoever manages that risk.

There are three main types of asbestos still found in premises. These are commonly called "blue asbestos" (crocidolite), "brown asbestos" (amosite) and "white asbestos" (chrysotile). All of them are dangerous carcinogens, but blue and brown asbestos are more hazardous than white. You cannot identify them just by their colour.

Because asbestos is often mixed with another material, it's hard to know if you're working with it or not. But, if you work in a building built before the year 2000, it's likely that some parts of the building will contain asbestos.

Asbestos is most commonly found in sprayed coating (fire protection on structural supports, eg columns and beams), pipe insulation, ceiling and door panels, window panels, floor tiles, cement roof sheeting and textured decorative coating such as Artex.

Breathing in air containing asbestos fibres can lead to asbestos-related diseases, mainly cancers of the lungs and chest lining.

Asbestos is only a risk to health if asbestos fibres are released into the air and breathed in. Past exposure to asbestos currently kills around 4000 people a year in Great Britain. This number is expected to go on rising at least until 2016. There is no cure for asbestos-related diseases.

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The past is prologue

Iron-based high-temperature superconductors were discovered in January 2008, and they

have arguably been the biggest news in the field of superconductivity since the

appearance of the cuprate superconductors in the late eighties [1]. Although the

cuprates demonstrated that high-temperature superconductivity was possible, the iron

-based materials prove that this phenomenon is not limited to a single class of

compounds.

So far, the story unraveling about the new iron-based superconductors has been quite

rewarding for practitioners. In order to appreciate the relevant timescales, remember

that for the cuprates, nearly ten years passed before a general consensus was reached

on the pairing symmetry, and consider that there still is no agreement on the

underlying mechanism. More in line with the story of superconductivity in MgB2, where

full consensus was achieved within a year, a plausible model was proposed within

weeks after the discovery of iron-based superconductors [2] and gained support from

the majority of researchers in the field. In this model, the calculated and

experimentally confirmed [1] electronic band structure of iron-based superconductors

is semimetallic, consisting of hole and electron Fermi surface pockets, separated by

a (π,π) wave vector in momentum space (see Fig. 1). This suggests the existence of

a spin excitation with the same wave vector, which was indeed found experimentally

[3]. If one considers this spin excitation to be the pairing agent for

superconductivity [1], the resulting order parameters for the holes and for the

electrons will have opposite signs, with the overall angular momentum being L=0 (s-

type); hence the name s±.Early surprises and progress

This simple concept has been questioned on at least two occasions when new iron-based

superconducting materials were discovered. This happened first when two low-Tc

compounds, KFe2As2 and LaFePO, exhibited clear signs of gap nodes [4], which are not

required by symmetry in the s± model. Theoretically, this could still be

rationalized within an s± spin-fluctuation-induced superconductivity model. Indeed,

if there are other competing interactions, e.g., with phonons, or a particularly

strong Coulomb repulsion, a compromise can be found that results in gap nodes.

However, this point of view is substantially based on the fact that both KFe2As2 and

LaFePO have rather low critical temperatures. So, when a third compound was found

clearly exhibiting nodes, this explanation was severely shaken; the compound in

question was phosphorus-doped BaFe2As2, with Tc in excess of 30 K  [4].

Numerous model calculations appeared then, in which the combination of the angular

dependence of the orbital character of electronic bands and a strong Coulomb

repulsion led to patches of the “wrong” sign of the order parameter, and thus to

nodes [5]. Of course, whether this regime is realized or not depends on the material

in question; it is quite normal that some compounds are in the “nodal” region in

the parameter space, while others are not. This explanation, though it seems natural,

is not without problems: Retardation effects (different energy scales for the

superconducting pairing and the static electronic interactions) cause a

renormalization of the Coulomb repulsion; it becomes much less important than that

appearing in the static calculation, if not negligible. Most importantly, such

calculations yield strongly anisotropic gaps in all compounds, whether nodal or not.

However, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) shows uniform gaps

wherever it can map the electronic Fermi surface. Yet there was a feeling in the

community that even though our favorite model may have some quantitative issues, it

was conceptually correct, and had all the necessary potential to overcome its

problems; the quantitative details would eventually be ironed out.

Once again, doubt was cast on this model when another compound was found, Sr2VO3FeAs 

[6], which according to band structure calculations featured vanadium electrons at

the Fermi surface in addition to electrons and holes from iron, completely destroying

the neat dichotomy of the Fermi surfaces into well-separated electron and hole

pockets. However, it was soon discovered that the vanadium electrons, unlike the iron

ones, are strongly correlated in this system, and thus are completely removed from

the Fermi level [7]. This, of course, saves the model.

Thus, barring a few dissenters, towards the end of 2010 there was a general consensus

that even if the s± model may have problems with some measurements, compared to

alternatives it accounts for the entire body of the experiments in a much better way.